To replicate results, one must follow the steps below to download datasets and execute codes. Code execution require RStudio with statistical software R (last checked with RStudio 2023.06.0 Build 421 & R 4.3.1) 

STEP 1: Prepare datasets (order within this step does not matter)

1-1. Access ICPP09 dataset at SSJ Data Archive (https://csrda.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/english/infrastructure/access/), survey number 0838. You can also check the data over view from https://ssjda.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Direct/gaiyo.php?eid=0838. Download the data, named as "0838_zenkoku.sav" to your local directory. 

1-2. The dataset for 2022 web survey is alread included in the set of replication files, named as "survey22_original_v7.rds". Place this data in your local directory.

1-3. Access ICPP13 dataset at SSJ Data Archive (https://csrda.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/english/infrastructure/access/), survey number 1159. You can also check the data over view from https://ssjda.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Direct/gaiyo.php?eid=1159. Download the data, named as "1159.sav" to your local directory. 

1-4. Access WVS Wave 7 dataset at World Values Survey Website (https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV7.jsp). Find "Statistical Data Files" labeled as "WVS Cross-National Wave 7 R v5 0.zip (rds)" (RDS format). Click on it to download the data file, which should be named as "WVS_Cross-National_Wave_7_Rds_v5_0.rds", place it in your local directory. 

STEP 2: Preprocess datasets (order within this step does not matter)

2-1. Preprocess ICPP09 dataset by executing "preprocessing_01_icpp09_recode_v7.1.R". If "0838_zenkoku.sav" is NOT downloaded to the same folder as this preprocessing code file, set "filedir" object (line 22) to alternative value. If executed successfully, the code will generate preprocessed dataset "data_icpp09_v7.rds".

2-2. Preprocess 2022 Survey dataset by executing "preprocessing_02_survey22_recode_v7.1.R". If "survey22_original_v7.rds" is NOT downloaded to the same folder as this preprocessing code file, set "filedir" object (line 19) to alternative value. If executed successfully, the code will generate preprocessed dataset "data_survey22_v7.rds".

2-3. Preprocess ICPP09 dataset by executing "preprocessing_03_icpp13_recode_v7.1.R". If "1159.sav" is NOT downloaded to the same folder as this preprocessing code file, set "filedir" object (line 23) to alternative value. If executed successfully, the code will generate preprocessed dataset "data_icpp13_v7.rds".

2-4. Preprocess WVS Wave 7 dataset by executing "preprocessing_04_wvs7_recode_v7.1.R". If "WVS_Cross-National_Wave_7_Rds_v5_0.rds" is NOT downloaded to the same folder as this preprocessing code file, set "filedir" object (line 20) to alternative value. If executed successfully, the code will generate preprocessed dataset "wvs7_japan_v1.rds".

STEP 3: Analysis (order within this step does not matter)

3-1. "analysis_00_descriptive_dv_v7.1.R". Executing this code file will generate descriptive statistics figures, including Figure A8, Figure A9, Figure A10, and Figure A11 in Online Appendix I. 

3-2. "analysis_01_main_v7.1.R". Executing this code file will generate main analysis figures and tables, including Figure 1, Figure 2, and Table A1 (Online Appendix B). 

3-3. "analysis_02_mechanism_v7.1.R". Executing this code file will generate Exploring Mechanisms section figures and tables, including Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure A7 (Online Appendix H), Table A7 (Online Appendix G), Table A8 (Online Appendix G), and Table A9 (Online Appendix H). 

3-4. "analysis_03_alternative_v7.1.R". Executing this code file will generate Robustness Checks 1 & 2 figures and tables, including Figure A1 (Online Appendix C), Figure A2 (Online Appendix C), Figure A3 (Online Appendix D), Table A2 (Online Appendix C), Table A3 (Online Appendix C), and Table A4 (Online Appendix D). 

3-5. "analysis_04_wvs7_v7.1.R". Executing this code file will generate Robustness Check 3 figures and tables, including Figure A4 and Table A5 in Online Appendix E. 

3-6. "analysis_05_ologit_v7.1.R". Executing this code file will generate Ordered Logit model results noted in footnote 9 of the main text, including Figure A5, Figure A6, and Table A6 in Online Appendix F. 